Abstract This article investigates the problem of optimal intertemporal consumption in the CCAPM setup from a new empirical perspective. The econometric analysis is based on use of the equality between the stochastic discount factor (SDF) and the marginal rate of intertemporal substitution of consumption, which in the CCAPM is equivalent to the Euler equation resulting from the intertemporal optimization problem of the representative individual. We start from an asset pricing equation to find the estimators of the SDF, without the need to make a parametric assumption about preferences, and then estimate the parameters of the consumption models. In our empirical exercise, the dataset covers income, aggregate consumption and return on financial assets in the quarterly period from 1996:1 to 2016:4. We also consider the existence of a portion of rule-of-thumb consumers and the utility functions CRRA and habit formation in consumer preferences. The empirical results suggest that the preferences that exhibit the formation of consumption habits combined with the stochastic discount factor originating from the hypotheses of Brownian motion are those that most closely correspond to the hypotheses related to the behavior of aggregate consumption.

ABSTRACT The main goal of this manuscript is to introduce a discrete dynamical system defined by symmetric matrices and a real parameter. By construction, we rediscovery the Power Iteration Method from the Projected Gradient Method. Convergence of the discrete dynamical system solution is established. Finally, we consider two applications, the first one consists in find a solution of non linear equation problem and the other one consists in verifies the optimality conditions when we solve quadratic optimization problems over linear equality constraints.

Resumen Introducción: el aumento de enfermedades crónicas ha motivado la creación de métodos de evaluación del adulto mayor que permitan estimar su estado general de salud. Entre estos, se ha propuesto la fuerza de prensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar la asociación entre el número de comorbilidades y la fuerza de prensión. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron los datos del estudio SABE Ecuador 2009, un estudio transversal que incluyó una muestra probabilística y representativa de 5235 adultos mayores de 60 años o más. La variable dependiente fue el desempeño en la fuerza de prensión y la sumatoria de comorbilidades, como la variable independiente. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística lineal para estimar asociaciones independientes. Resultados: de un total de 5235 personas, la media de la suma de comorbilidades fue 1.54 ± 1.36 y la media de la fuerza de prensión fue de 21.45 ± 9.37 kg. Se encontró una asociación negativa de la fuerza de prensión y la suma de comorbilidades, desde 0 comorbilidades -0.88, hasta más de 6 comorbilidades -3.52 (p < 0.05). Ninguna enfermedad por sí sola tuvo mayor asociación con la disminución de la fuerza muscular que el tener más de dos enfermedades concomitantes. Conclusiones: este estudio encontró una asociación lineal negativa entre la fuerza de prensión y la sumatoria de comorbilidades. Los resultados reportados abren la puerta para plantear nuevos estudios que permitan desarrollar herramientas de evaluación que beneficien a la población adulta mayor.

Abstract Introduction: The increase of chronic pathologies is a consequence of the demographic transition which represents a challenge for current societies. Concurrently this motivated the development of new methods for evaluating the elderly which allow estimating their health state of health, that amongst others include the grip strength. The objective of this study was to look for the association between the number of present comorbidities and the grip strength. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from SABE Ecuador 2009 study, a cross-sectional study that includes a probabilistic and representative sample of 5235 older adults of 60 years or older living in the community. The dependent variable was the performance in the grip strength and the sum of comorbidities as the independent variable. A linear logistic regression model was used to estimate independent associations. Results: Out of a total of 5235 people, the mean of the sum of comorbidities was 1.54 ± 1.36, and the average of the grip strength was 21.45kg ± 9.37 kg. We found a negative linear association of the grip strength and the sum of comorbidities, from one comorbidity -0.88 up to more than six comorbidities -3.52 (p <0.05). No disease by itself had a higher association with the decrease in muscle strength than having two or more concomitant afflictions. Conclusions: This study found a negative association between grip strength and the presence of comorbidities. Our results open the door to propose new studies to develop assessment tools that benefit the elderly population.

Resumo Introdução: o aumento de doenças crônicas tem motivado a criação de métodos de avaliação do idoso que permitam estimar seu estado geral de saúde. Entre estes se tem proposto a força de preensão. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar a associação entre o número de comorbidades e a força de preensão. Materiais e métodos: analisamos dados do estudo SABE Equador 2009, um estudo transversal que incluiu uma amostra probabilística e representativa de 5235 idosos de 60 anos ou mais. A variável dependente foi o desempenho na força de preensão e a somatória de comorbidades como a variável independente. Resultados: de um total de 5235 pessoas, a média da soma de comorbidades foi 1.54 ± 1.36 e a média da força de preensão foi de 45 ± 9.37 kg. Se encontrou uma associação negativa da força de preensão e a soma de comorbidades, desde 0 comorbidades -0.88 até mais de 6 comorbidades -3.52 (p < 0.05). nenhuma doença por si só teve maior associação com a diminuição da força muscular que obter mais de duas doenças concomitantes. Conclusões: este estudo encontrou uma associação linear negativa entre a força de preensão e a somatória de comorbidades. Os resultados reportados abrem a porta para expor novos estudos que permitam desenvolver ferramentas de avaliação que beneficiem à população idosa.

Resumen Este documento fue preparado por un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos seleccionados por la Asociación Colombiana de Infectología (ACIN) para poner al día las recomendaciones previas dadas por nuestro grupo en cuanto a la inmunización del adolescente, de la población adulta y de aquellos mayores de 60 años de edad. Para este último grupo, hemos decidido, como lo han hecho en otros países, el inmunizar a esta edad (y no después), debido a la carga de enfermedad incrementada por afecciones respiratorias y otros factores propios para América Latina y las condiciones socioeconómicas de nuestro país. Esta edición reescribe ciertos párrafos y actualiza en parte las recomendaciones hechas anteriormente y publicadas en Infectio en mayo de 2012. Las guías están orientadas al uso por aquellos que cuidan de estos pacientes y hacemos énfasis en el anciano, el inmunocomprometido y en aquellos que sufren de varias comorbilidades. Aunque en un momento dado el documento pudiera parecer incompleto, la intención deseada fue la de abarcar los recientes cambios en la administración de nuevas vacunas y otros regímenes en dosificación. Se incluye por primera vez el uso de las vacunas de 4 valencias contra la influenza. El uso de la vacuna contra el herpes zóster se discute, y se toma un cuidado especial en cuanto a la redacción del "cuándo y por qué" de la vacunación contra Streptococcus pneumoniae. En la administración de esta vacuna, el tiempo de aplicación y la secuencia asociada con la aplicación de la administración de la vacuna polisacárida de 23 valencias puede variar de acuerdo con la edad del paciente,las comorbilidades y en aquellos previamente vacunados con dicha vacuna. Finalmente, exponemos las nuevas recomendaciones de vacunación contra fiebre amarilla y dengue y le damos la bienvenida a la vacuna nonavalente contra el virus humano del papiloma.

Abstract This document was prepared by a multi-disciplinary panel of experts who have been selected by the Asociación Colombiana de Infectologia (ACIN) to revise and update previous recommendations (by our group) for the immunization of adolescents and adult population and those older than 60 years of age. For the latter group, we have chosen to move forward, like many others, and immunize them at that age because of the particular burden of disease due to respiratory conditions, and other factors strictly related to Latin America and Colombian socio-economic conditions. This edition replaces in part, updates or ads to previous recommendations published in Infectio, May 2012. The guidelines are intended to assist those caring for these patients, and emphasizes on the elderly, the immunocompromissed and on those who suffer from several co-morbidities.The contents of the guidelines could seem in complete at some point; nevertheless, they were purposefully thought as such to embrace on major changes in new vaccines or new dosin gregimens. It is included for the first time the use of cuadri-valent vaccines against influenza. The use of herpes zoster vaccine is discussed and special care is placed in the phrasing for the reader so he (she) understands the "when and why" of vaccine administration against Streptococcus pneumoniae. With pneumococcal vaccines, timing of administration may vary according to age, co-morbidities and in those previously vaccinated with the 23-polyvalent polysaccharide vaccine. There are new recommendations for the vaccination against yellow fever and dengue and we welcome the new nona-valent vaccine against the human papillomavirus.

Este artigo investiga se existe um comportamento subótimo nas decisões de consumo intertemporal na economia brasileira. O Método Generalizado de Momentos (MGM) foi aplicado ao modelo de precificação de ativos baseados no consumo (CCAPM) contemplando funções de utilidade separáveis e não separáveis. Os resultados mostram a existência de uma parcela da população que segue esse comportamento conhecido também como rule of thumb. Em termos mais concretos a fração de indivíduos que segue a regra de bolso é, respectivamente, de 89%, 78% e 22% para as funções de utilidade modeladas segundo as hipóteses de aversão relativa ao risco constante, hábitos externos e Kreps–Porteus. De acordo com esses resultados, uma grande parcela da população consome totalmente a sua renda corrente o que implica em violação da hipótese da renda permanente.

This paper investigates whether there is a fraction of consumers that do not behave as fully forward-looking optimal consumers in the Brazilian economy. The generalized method of moments technique was applied to nonlinear Euler equations of the consumption-based capital assets model contemplating utility functions with time separability and non-separability. The results show that when the household utility function was modeled as constant relative risk aversion, external habits and Kreps–Porteus, estimates of the fraction of rule-of-thumb households was, respectively, 89%, 78% and 22%. According to this, a portion of disposable income goes to households who consume their current incomes in violation of the permanent income hypothesis.

Introducción y objetivo : al programa de la Clínica de Memoria del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (CM PUJ-HUSI) en Colombia, consultan, cada vez más pacientes con estadíos más tempranos de demencia. Estos plantean un reto para distinguir no solo entre los tipos de demencia, sino también entre las condiciones que pueden compartir algunas características con las enfermedades demenciales. A partir de un estudio descriptivo se analizan las variables sociodemográficas, resultados de la valoración y diagnóstico por consenso de los pacientes que asistieron por primera vez al programa y se proponen los retos diagnósticos actuales. Materiales y métodos: se realiza un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de los pacientes que asisten por primera vez a la CM PUJ-HUSI desde septiembre de 1996 hasta mayo del 2014. Resultados: aunque el diagnóstico más frecuente sigue siendo la demencia tipo Alzheimer (43,45%), el diagnóstico de la demencia frontotemporal ha ido en aumento (de 5,49 a 11,5%), con una disminución de los diagnósticos psiquiátricos (de 14,31 a 7,7%). Las escalas aplicadas para la evaluación de los pacientes se encuentran, en diferentes proporciones, alteradas en todos los grupos de pacientes, incluyendo aquellos considerados normales. Conclusiones: hubo evidencia de cambios significativos en el tipo de pacientes remitidos a la CMPUJ-HUSI que generan dificultad en establecer un diagnóstico definitivo, principalmente en enfermedades neurodegenerativas (EN) o demencia de inicio temprano (DIT). Se establece la necesidad de utilizar herramientas diagnósticas más precisas como las entrevistas e instrumentos que den cuenta de variables de conducta, comportamiento o cognición social.

Introduction and objectives : The number of patients in earlier stages of the disease who consult to the memory clinic has increased. This poses a challenge to differentiate, not only between types of dementia, but also between conditions which may share characteristics with dementia-related illnesses. Starting from a descriptive study the current diagnostic challenges are proposed in order to then analyze sociodemographic characteristics, the results of assessment and diagnosis made by consensus of the patients who were attended for the first time in the memory clinic program at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in Bogotá, Colombia (CM PUJ-HUSI). Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on the group of patients who were attended for the first time in the CM PUJ-HUSI, from September 1996 to May 2014. Results: Alzheimer's dementia is the most frequent diagnosis (43,45%), but frontotemporal dementia has been increasing over the years, with less psychiatric diagnoses. The scales applied for the evaluation of the patients are, in different proportions, altered in all groups of patients, including those who were considered normal. Conclusions: The changes in the type of patients referred to the CMPUJ-HUSI, generate important insights related to a greater need to clarify neurodegenerative diseases (EN) or early onset dementia (DIT), with more precise diagnostic tools, such as the interview and instruments to evaluate the conduct, behavior or social cognition.

This paper presents an implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for acoustic fingerprints recognition, applied to the identification of marine vessels. In many cases, the vessel recognition process from an audible signal is performed by human operators, which could lead to failures in the identification process. Before entering the ANN classification process, the signal is filtered and its spectral characteristics are extracted. A comparison of the classification process between three types of neural networks is presented.

Introduction Trypanosoma evansi was first identified in the Canary Islands in 1997, and is still present in a small area of the Archipelago. To date, the disease has exclusively affected camel herds, and has not been detected in any other animal hosts. However potential vectors of Trypanosoma evansi must be identified. Methods One Nzi trap was placed on a camel farm located in the infected area for a period of one year. Results Two thousand five hundred and five insects were trapped, of which Stomoxys calcitrans was the sole hematophagous vector captured. Conclusions Stomoxys calcitrans could be exclusively responsible for the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi among camels in the surveyed area, as other species do not seem to be infected by S. calcitrans in the presence of camels.

Objectives Determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitism and identifying the associated risk factors in the village of Loma Arena, Bolivar department, Colombia. Methodology The community's sanitary and educational conditions were evaluated by using a questionnaire which was applied to each family group. Two stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation, on two different days, were gathered from each participating person for the coproparasitological study. The coprological test involved direct examination in saline physiological solution and temporary staining with Lugol's solution and the formol-ether concentration method. Results It was found that 92 % of the population was parasitised, 92 % of them with at least one pathogenic parasite. Polyparasitism was very important (89,2 %); a maximum of 7 species per host was found. Helminth and protozoa coinfection was frequent (64 %). There was only 0,9 % teniosis prevalence. There was a significant association between symptomatology and parasite presence (p< 0.05), though such relationship was not seen with potentially pathogenic parasites (with the exception of Trichuris trichura and abdominal pain). The statistical analysis did not reveal any relationship between parasitism and educational level or sanitary habits. Conclusion The uniform distribution of most intestinal parasites amongst the five age-groups evaluated showed that people in Loma Arena were evenly exposed to sources of infection in all age-groups.

Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a estos, en el corregimiento de Loma Arena, Departamento de Bolívar, Colombia Metodología Mediante encuesta aplicada a cada grupo familiar, fueron evaluadas las condiciones socio-sanitarias y educativas de la población. Para el estudio coproparasitológico se recolectó por cada persona, dos muestras de heces obtenidas por evacuación espontánea y en dos días diferentes. El análisis de las heces se realizó mediante un examen directo en solución salina fisiológica y coloración temporal con lugol y por el método de concentración formol-éter Resultados Se encontró que el 92 % de las personas estaban parasitadas, 92 % de ellas con al menos un patógeno. El poliparasitismo fue muy importante (89,2 %) encontrándose hasta un máximo de 7 especies por hospedador. La coinfección de protozoarios y helmintos fue frecuente (64 %). Solo se encontró una frecuencia de teniosis de 0,9 %. Se observó una asociación significativa entre sintomatología y presencia de parásitos (p<0,05) no así, entre síntomas y parásitos potencialmente patógenos a excepción de Trichuris trichura y dolor abdominal. El análisis estadístico no mostró asociación entre las parasitosis y los niveles educativos o hábitos higiénicos sanitarios. Conclusión La distribución uniforme de la mayoría de las parasitosis intestinales en los cinco grupos de edad evaluados, da cuenta de la exposición a las fuentes de infección en todas las etapas de la vida de los pobladores de Loma Arena.

Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a estos, en el corregimiento de Loma Arena, Departamento de Bolívar, Colombia Metodología Mediante encuesta aplicada a cada grupo familiar, fueron evaluadas las condiciones socio-sanitarias y educativas de la población. Para el estudio coproparasitológico se recolectó por cada persona, dos muestras de heces obtenidas por evacuación espontánea y en dos días diferentes. El análisis de las heces se realizó mediante un examen directo en solución salina fisiológica y coloración temporal con lugol y por el método de concentración formol-éter Resultados Se encontró que el 92 % de las personas estaban parasitadas, 92 % de ellas con al menos un patógeno. El poliparasitismo fue muy importante (89,2 %) encontrándose hasta un máximo de 7 especies por hospedador. La coinfección de protozoarios y helmintos fue frecuente (64 %). Solo se encontró una frecuencia de teniosis de 0,9 %. Se observó una asociación significativa entre sintomatología y presencia de parásitos (p<0,05) no así, entre síntomas y parásitos potencialmente patógenos a excepción de Trichuris trichura y dolor abdominal. El análisis estadístico no mostró asociación entre las parasitosis y los niveles educativos o hábitos higiénicos sanitarios. Conclusión La distribución uniforme de la mayoría de las parasitosis intestinales en los cinco grupos de edad evaluados, da cuenta de la exposición a las fuentes de infección en todas las etapas de la vida de los pobladores de Loma Arena.

Objectives Determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitism and identifying the associated risk factors in the village of Loma Arena, Bolivar department, Colombia. Methodology The community's sanitary and educational conditions were evaluated by using a questionnaire which was applied to each family group. Two stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation, on two different days, were gathered from each participating person for the coproparasitological study. The coprological test involved direct examination in saline physiological solution and temporary staining with Lugol's solution and the formol-ether concentration method. Results It was found that 92 % of the population was parasitised, 92 % of them with at least one pathogenic parasite. Polyparasitism was very important (89,2 %); a maximum of 7 species per host was found. Helminth and protozoa coinfection was frequent (64 %). There was only 0,9 % teniosis prevalence. There was a significant association between symptomatology and parasite presence (p< 0.05), though such relationship was not seen with potentially pathogenic parasites (with the exception of Trichuris trichura and abdominal pain). The statistical analysis did not reveal any relationship between parasitism and educational level or sanitary habits. Conclusion The uniform distribution of most intestinal parasites amongst the five age-groups evaluated showed that people in Loma Arena were evenly exposed to sources of infection in all age-groups.

O artigo discute as condições socioeconômicas que possibilitaram a emergência de novos movimentos sociais na Bolívia, sob a liderança dos povos indígenas e plantadores de coca. Esses movimentos sociais apoiaram o presidente Evo Morales nas eleições de dezembro de 2005. Analisa também as dificuldades e contradições enfrentadas pelo novo governo.

This paper deals with social and economic conditions which made possible the emergence of new social movements in Bolivia under the leadership of indigenous peoples and coca farmers. These social movements supported the president Evo Morales in December 2005 elections. It also describes hindrances and contradictions faced by this new government.